Pediatric nursing is the medical care of neonates and children up to adolescence, usually in an in-patient hospital or day clinic. The main role of pediatric nurses is to manage procedures and medicines to children according to prescribed nursing care plans. Nurses also frequently assess the patients by observing vital signs, developing communication skills with children and family members and with medical teams. Being a support to children and their families is one fundamental of direct nursing care. Awareness of the concerns of children and parents, being present physically at times of stress and achieve strategies to help children and family members contend are all part of the work.

A congenital heart defect in which oxygenated and deoxygenated blood enters the circulatory system resulting from a ventricular septal defect right beneath the aorta. This condition causes newborns to have a bluish-tint, cyanosis, and have a deficiency of oxygen to their tissues, hypoxemia.

Tetralogy of Fallot, pulmonary atresia, double outlet right ventricle, transposition of the great arteries, persistent truncus arteriosus, and Ebsteins anomaly are different congenital cyanotic heart diseases. Congenital cyanotic heart diseases are where something is wrong with the heart of a newborn and it is not oxygenating the blood efficiently.

Nutrition plays an important factor especially in the first couple weeks of life. Breast Feeding has important ingredients that build the baby’s immune system.  Neonatal nutrition is important for the growth and development of the newborn babies. In general, babies should be at least 4 pounds before they are ready to come out of the incubator.

The Supplemental nursing system consists of a container and a capillary tube preeminent from the container to the mother’s nipple, the container filled with fresh pumped breast milk with fresh donor milk pasteurized donor milk, or, if no human milk is available, with infant formula.

The birth of a child marks one of the great events of life in any culture, but in most societies it carries with it a high probability of death or serious illness for both mother and child. Several types of midwives and several types of physicians provide prenatal care, attend births, and care for women after birth in the United States. This page provides information about these options. Two contrasting perspectives are often called the "midwifery Model of Care" and the "Medical Model of Care." There are striking differences in the two models. These differences can have a great impact on your experience and outcomes. They are midwifery model of care and medical model of care. Midwives are well-suited to care for healthy women who expect to have a normal birth. They provide prenatal care, care during labor and birth, and care after the birth. Many give priority to providing good information to women, involving women in decision-making, and providing flexible and responsive care. Some midwives provide continuous support throughout labor and birth, which has many benefits for women, infants, and families and no known risks. Midwives attend births in many hospitals throughout the United States, and they attend most of the births that take place in out-of-hospital birth centers and homes. They provide prenatal care and care after birth in many settings. Certified Midwives (CMs) are new professionals in the health care field.

Neonatal Screening is a public health program of screening in infants shortly after birth for a list of conditions that are treatable, but not clinically evident in the newborn period. Some of the conditions included in newborn screening programs are only perceptible after irreversible damage has been done, in some cases sudden death is the first manifestation of a disease.

Newborn screening appearance as a public health program in the United States in the early 1960s, and has expanded to countries around the world, with different testing commands in each country. Both newborn screening (screening soon after birth) and prenatal screening (screening before birth) have improved health care. The first disorder detected by modern newborn screening programs was phenylketonuria, a metabolic condition in which the inability to regard the essential amino acid phenylalanine can cause irreversible mental retardation unless detected early. With early detection and dietary management, the negative effects of the disease can be broadly eliminated

Diagnosis are aspects of prenatal care that focus of detecting anatomic and physiologic problems with zygote, embryo or fetus as early as possible, either before gestation even starts (as in preimplantation genetic diagnosis) or as early in gestation as applicable. They use medical tests to detect problems such as neural tube defects, chromosome abnormalities, and gene mutations that would lead to genetic disorders and birth defects, such as thalassemia, spina bifida, Tay–Sachs disease, cleft palate, sickle cell anemia,  cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophy, and fragile X syndrome. 

Screening can also be used for prenatal sex insight. Common testing procedures include amniocentesis, ultrasonography including nuchal translucency ultrasound, serum biomarker testing, or genetic screening. In some cases, the tests are execute to determine if the fetus will be aborted, though physicians and patients also find it useful to diagnose high-risk pregnancies early so that delivery can be scheduled in a tertiary care hospital where the baby can receive applicable care.

Neonatal infections are infections of the newborn during the neonatal period or first four weeks after birth. Neonatal infections may be decline by trans-placental transfer in utero, in the birth canal during perinatal, or by other means after birth. Some infections captured in the neonatal period do not become possible until much later such as HIV, hepatitis B and malaria.

There is a higher risk of infection with pre-term or low birth weight neonates. Respiratory tract infections contracted by pre-term neonates may continue into childhood or possibly adulthood with long-term effects that limit one's ability to enlist in normal physical activities, decreasing one's quality of life and increasing health care costs. In some case, neonatal respiratory tract infections may increase one's awareness to future respiratory infections and inflammatory responses related to lung disease

Neonatal Nursing is a specialty of nursing care of newborn infants up to 28 days after birth, Its  requires a high degree of skill, dedication and emotional strength as the nurses care for new born babies with a range of problems, varying between prematurity, birth defects, infection, cardiac malformations and surgical problems. Neonatal nurses are a vital part of the neonatal care team and are required to know basic newborn revival, be able to control the newborn’s temperature and know how to initiate cardiopulmonary and pulse oximetry monitoring

Breast milk is the perfect food for the baby. It protects the baby against gastroenteritis and diarrhea, ear and chest infections, allergies and diabetes. Breastfeeding reduces the risk of bleeding after the birth, is convenient. An early stage of nutrition for the infants starts from the mother’s milk. Immunity development for the child starts to improve eventually through the breast milk. Breast feeding also helps in managing weight of the mother eventually. A midwife’s advice in the infant feeding at the initial stages after the birth of the child initially for the first three months after the birth adds to the mother’s health.

Neonatal Encephalopathy also known as hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy is defined by signs and symptoms of abnormal neurological function in the first few days of life in an infant born at phrase. It is commonly caused by birth asphyxia

In neonates born at or beyond 35 weeks, neonatal encephalopathy may present itself as the following symptoms:

Reduced level of Consciousness

Seizures (which peak at 48 hours)

Difficulty initiating & maintaining respiration

Depression of tone & reflexes

Hemolytic disease of the newborn known as hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn or erythroblastosis fetalis, is an alloimmune condition that establish in a fetus when the IgG molecules produced by the mother pass through the placenta. Among these antibodies are some which invasion antigens on the red blood cells in the fetal circulation, breaking down and destroying the cells. The fetus can establish reticulocytosis and anemia. This fetal disease ranges from mild to very severe, and fetal death from heart failure can exist. When the disease is moderate or severe, many erythroblasts are present in the fetal blood, and so these forms of the disease can be called erythroblastosis fetalis 

A congenital disorder is also known as birth defect or anomaly, is a condition existing at or before birth circumstances of cause of the disorders, those characterized by structural malformation are termed as congenital anomalies and involve imperfection in a developing fetus. Birth defects vary extensively in cause and symptoms. Any substance that causes birth defects is known as a teratogen. Some disorders can be existence before birth through prenatal diagnosis. Birth fault may be the result of genetic or environmental factors. This includes errors of morphogenesis, infection, epigenetic adjustment on a parental germline, or a chromosomal abnormality

Respiratory distress in the neonate most commonly presents as one or all of the subsequent physical signs: tachypnea, grunting, nasal flaring, retractions, and cyanosis. A normal respiratory rate in a new-born is between 30 and 60 breaths per minute, tachypnea is classified as respiratory rates greater than 60 breaths per minute. 

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome is a problem generally seen in premature babies. The condition makes it hard for the baby to breathe. The disease is mainly caused by a lack of a silky substance in the lungs called surfactant. This substance assists the lungs padding with air and keeps the air sacs from deflating.Surfactant is present when the lungs are entirely developed.

Neonatal Gynecomastia is caused by the portion of maternal hormones through the placenta during pregnancy.When babies are born, these hormones endure for a short time, and their bodies think they are reaching puberty. This leads to the enlargement of the breasts. This is identify in male and female infants.

In infants the breast enlargement usually progresses during the first 2 months of  life. Also sometimes is noticed secretion of the breasts. The breasts should not be red, hot and soft in Neonatal Gynecomastia. These findings are rational with other diseases.

A surgical nurse, also refer as a theatre nurse, specializes in preoperative care, providing care to patients before, during and after surgery. To become a theatre nurse, Registered Nurses or Enrolled Nurses must complete extra training. There are different specialty areas that theatre nurses can focus in depending on which areas they are interested in.

There are many different stages during surgery where the theatre nurse is needed to support and assist the patient, surgeons, surgical technicians, nurse anaesthetist and nurse practitioners. Pre-operative, the nurse must help to mentally prepare the patient and operating room for the surgery. During the surgery, they assist the anaesthetist and surgeons when they are needed. The last stage is post-operative, survive that the patients are provided with suitable care and treatments.

Women have unique health issues. And some of the health issues that affect women differently. Unique issues include pregnancy, menopause, and conditions of the female organs. Women can have a healthy pregnancy by getting early and regular prenatal care. They should also get recommended breast cancer, cervical cancer, and bone density screenings. Complications of pregnancy are health problems that occur during pregnancy. They can involve the mother's health, the baby's health, or both. Diet and nutrition during pregnancy time eating well at work Protein rich veg recipes eating well: 13-16 weeks Calcium rich recipes. Ovulation is the event of de Graf’s follicles rupturing and releasing secondary oocyte ovarian cells. The best time to try and conceive is during the ‘fertile window’ of the menstrual cycle Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common medical complaint. It is estimated that up to 40 percent of women will have a UTI at some time in their lives. Breast cancer is cancer that develops from breast tissue. Signs of breast cancer may include a lump in the breast, a change in breast shape. Certain factors increase your risk of ovarian cancer: Age Inherited gene mutation, Estrogen hormone replacement therapy.

Neonatal Research is research to increase the Health of Low Birth Weight and Premature Infants. Neonatal Research includes examination of therapies for sepsis, Intraventricular hemorrhage, pulmonary hypertension, and chronic lung disease as well as studies of the impact of drug exposure on child and family outcome.

Newborns have an immature immune system that provides them at high risk for infection while simultaneously decrease responses to most vaccines, thereby present challenges in protecting this endangered population. A vaccine is an antigenic preparation used to produce active immunity to a disease, in order to prevent or reduce the effects of infection by any natural or wild pathogen. Many vaccines require multiple doses for maximum efficacy, either to produce sufficient initial immune response or to boost response that disappears over time. For example, tetanus vaccine boosters are often suggesting every 10 years. Vaccine schedules are developed by governmental agencies or physicians groups to achieve maximum effectiveness using required and endorse vaccines for a position while minimizing the number of health care system interactions.

The first 28 days of life – the neonatal period – is the most endangered time for a child’s survival. The good news is that neonatal statistics is declining globally. The worldwide neonatal statistics rate fell by 47 per cent between 1990 and 2015 from 36 to 19 deaths per 1,000 live births. Over the same period, the number of newborn babies who died within the first 28 days of life declined from 5.1 million to 2.7 million. However, the decrease in neonatal statistics in 1990–2015 has been slower than that of post-neonatal under-five mortality (1-59 months): 47 percent, compared with 58% globally. This pattern applies to most low- and middle-income countries. Of the estimated 5.9 million child deaths in 2015, almost 1 million occur in the first day of life and close to 2 million take places in the first week.

A neonatal intensive care unit, also called as an intensive care nursing, is an intensive care unit specializing in the care of ill or premature newborn infants. A NICU is typically directed by one or more neonatologists and staff nurses, nurse practitioners, respiratory therapists, physician assistants, resident physicians, pharmacists, and dietitians. Many other additional disciplines and specialists are obtained at larger units.

A Neonatal nurse practitioner is advanced practice nurses that care for premature babies and sick newborns in intensive care units, emergency rooms, delivery rooms and special clinics.

A Neonatal nurse practitioner is advanced practice nurses that care for premature babies and sick newborns in intensive care units, emergency rooms, delivery rooms and special clinics.Neonatal Therapies include surgery, Psychotherapies, Traditional Medicine, Alternative Medicine, Medical Therapy, and other behavioral and Psychological Inventions Methods, there are lot of psychotherapies are there in Neonatal therapies

Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome. Fetal and neonatal dependence and withdrawal as a result of the mother's dependence on drugs during pregnancy. Withdrawal or abstinence symptoms develop shortly after birth. Symptoms manifest are loud, high-pitched crying, sweating, yawning and gastrointestinal disturbances.

Growth & Development of Children

Neurologic tissues (spinal cords and brain - mature by 2-5 years) and lymphoid tissue (spleen, thymus, lymph nodes & tonsils) grown fastly during infancy & childhood. The reproductive system shows little growth until puberty. There are several principals of growth & development:

Growth and development are continuous processes from the day we are conceived until death.

Growth and development proceed in an arranged sequence.

Different children pass through the predictable stages at different rates.

All body systems do not develop at the same rate.

Development is cephalocaudal (from head to toe).

Development proceeds from proximal to distal body parts.

Development proceeds from gross to refined motor skills.

There is an optimum time for initiation of experiences or learning.

Neonatal reflexes must be lost before development can proceed

A great deal of skill and behavior is learned by practice.

Seizures in neonates (newborns) remain the most frequent neurological problem in the nursery. Extent debate about their unpleasant exists between data and deductions reached through animal experimentations and those acquired through clinical investigations. The main inconsistent issues are whether seizures in newborns can plant the roots for epileptogenesis and cause long-term deficits.

Most neonatal seizures occur over a short time, usually only for a few days. Fewer than half of the affected infants develop seizures in later life. Such neonatal seizures are considered acute reactive (acute symptomatic), and thus the term neonatal epilepsy is not used to describe these seizures. The incidence of neonatal seizures has not been clearly established, although an estimated frequency of 80-120 cases per 100,000 neonates per year has been suggested. The incidence of seizures is higher in the neonatal period (i.e., the first 4 weeks after birth) than at any other time of life

Nurse practitioners are registered nurses who have completed advanced clinical training and a master's degree, qualifying them to provide patient care at a level approaching that of a physician. They can prescribe medications in every state, and in half, they can practice without a doctor's supervision. Some nurse practitioners are primary care providers, while others choose to specialize in one area of medicine.